Alcohol Tobacco vs. Illegal Drugs - 765 Words

In the article â€Å"Alcohol, Tobacco Worse Than Illegal Drugs† a new British study found that alcohol and tobacco are more dangerous than some illegal narcotics such as marijuana or Ecstasy. Professor David Nutt of Britain’s Bristol University and some colleagues proposed the study and found a new structure for the â€Å"classification of harmful substances based on the actual risk posed to society† (Conroy, 2007). The researchers used three factors to determine how harmful any drug is : â€Å"the physical harm to the user, the drug’s potential for addiction, and the impact on society of drug use† (Conroy, 2007). Then two groups of experts (psychiatrists or medical expertise) were asked to select scores of twenty different drugs. In the rankings,†¦show more content†¦The three factors that the researchers creates a measurement to determine the rankings. This scale shows accuracy and helps support validity and reliability. It’s imp ortant to know the truth about this topic because many people think that marijuana and some other illegal drugs are more dangerous than alcohol and tobacco. However, the article informs people that alcohol and tobacco are more harmful than one thinks and that countries should provide a different way to classify drugs. References Alcohol . (2006, March 06). Retrieved from http://www.gdcada.org/ statistics/alcohol.htm Cocaine and crack cocaine abuse. (n.d.). Retrieved from http:/ www.psychiatric-disorders.com/articles/substance-abuse/cocaine- abuse.php Conroy, S. (2007, March 24). Alcohol, tobacco worse than illegal drugs. Associates Press, Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/ 2007/03/24/health/main2604653.shtml Heroin: one of the most dangerous addictive drugs. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.psychiatric-disorders.com/articles/substance-abuse/ heroin-abuse.php Marijuana . (2010). Retrieved from http://www.drugfree.org/portal/Show MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pages The Point of the Joint We can’t live in a society that is both free and drug free. 79 years ago, marijuana became prohibited in the United States (PBS). Today, we find the topic of marijuana’s legality in all forms of media and every level of politics. It is now a never ending topic of public debates. The goal is to answer the question that refuses to die: should marijuana be legalized? Marijuana may not be for you, it may make you paranoid or uncomfortable, and no one should be forced to use it;Read MoreWhy Marijuana Should Be Legalized Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesTable of Contents I. Introduction to Cannabis II. The History of Marijuana III. The Prohibition IV. Economic Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana V. The Medical Benefits of Marijuana VI. Marijuana vs. Alcohol and Tobacco VII. Marijuana Stimulates Creativity and Brain Cell Growth VIII. Conclusion Should marijuana be legalized for recreational and medical purposes? Thesis: Since marijuana is not harshly dangerous to one’s health nor is it a hard narcotic, it should beRead MoreSupport Marijuana Legalization Now! Essay1676 Words   |  7 PagesStates. Opponents of medical marijuana legalization address that marijuana is an addictive substance, causes harm to mental cognition and behavior of the users, and has many other harmful side effects as well; thus, legal or illegal marijuana is still a dangerous drug. However, medical marijuana should be legalized in the United States because it actually has many medical benefits, it could raise a good amount of money from taxes for the government, and it is not as dangerous as other legal productsRead MoreMedical Marijuana Should Be Legalized in All States Essay1159 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"According to the United Nations, 158.8 million people around the world use marijuana—more than 3.8% of the planet’s population† (Drugfreeworld.org, 2014). Marijuana is one of the most wi dely used illicit drugs in the world (Sewell). It has received a plethora of criticism in the past and its negative reputation has carried on throughout history, making the legalization of marijuana one of the most controversial topics today. Marijuana does not deserve the reputation it receives, and in actualityRead Moreliterature review- should marijuana be legalised?1457 Words   |  6 Pages2011) A predominant question in the debate relating to the legalization of marijuana is whether consumption would rise and by how much. Many people are concerned that if the drug became legal it would become more accessible, affordable, and acceptable in society, making an increase in consumption a big possibility. Rand, a drug policy research centre, conducted a study that supports this argument. â€Å"Results from these studies suggest that regular use of marijuana will Increase both in prevalence andRead MoreBenefits of Medical Marijuana Essay990 Words   |  4 Pagesbehind keeping marijuana unattainable to our citizens. While carefully examined by many people all around the world, the benefits of using marijuana easily outweigh the disadvantages of the plant. Although many argue that the it can lead to further drug use, the plant has showed nothing but leverage to people who have serious illness and chronic pain. The legalization of marijuana would be tremendously beneficial to all types of people in America. The medical purpose of marijuana is not a recentRead MoreThe Debate Over The Legalization Of Marijuana952 Words   |  4 Pagesaddictive-and NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), which can induce stomach ulcers, bleeding, and kidney failure,† said Allen St. Pierre, an executive director of the national organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. On the other hand, however, studies show that if misused, increased smoking of marijuana is positively correlated with decrements in mental test performance, which is possibly a contributing factor as to why it is illegal at the moment. The investigators discovered that individualsRead MoreWhy Not Legalize Marijuana? Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesFirst, marijuana should be legalized in the US for both recreational and medicinal purposes because there is a very substantial profit that can be made from it. By placing a tax on Marijuana, similar to what the Government has done with various alcohol and tobacco products, The US Government can use America’s largest cash crop to its advantage. Perhaps even plans using such a tax can be set up to start paying the 16 trillion dollar debt the United States has accumulated. Further, such a tax could be onRead MoreMarijuana vs. Alcohol People are often quick to judge those that use marijuana, but do not judge900 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana vs. Alcohol People are often quick to judge those that use marijuana, but do not judge those who use alcohol. With medical marijuana on the rise, people are using marijuana almost as much as people using alcohol. People argue the health risk of both marijuana and alcohol, but do people really know what the health risks and benefits are? Excessive use of alcohol is accountable for 88,000 U.S. fatalities each year from 2006 to 2010. The fatalities cost the budget $224 billion according toRead MoreMarijuana Addiction1162 Words   |  5 PagesAddicted to Marijuana â€Å"Marijuana is the most commonly used drug illegal drug in the world.† (â€Å"What is Marijuana†, 2013). It has recently become legal in a couple states, and more states are sure to follow their lead in the upcoming months. People can make the argument that marijuana does not have any negative effects, but they are wrong. Becoming addicted to marijuana is easy, and it only opens up the door for you to try other harmful drugs once marijuana quits getting you high. You need to know the

The Death Of The Dead Poets Society - 1284 Words

Are parents abusing the power they have over their children? There are parents who involve themselves in their child’s life so much the child has no say in anything. Being limited or neglected from pursuing one’s goal can lead to depression. Something similar to this takes place in the film Dead Poets Society. In this film a character named Neil is prohibited from pursuing his goals of becoming an actor by his father. This results in at least one argument found in the film. In fact, three arguments can be identified in Dead Poets Society. One argument found in Dead Poets Society is that Mr. Keating should not have told the boys about the Dead Poets Society. This is supported when the boys (Neil, Todd, Knox, Charlie, Cameron, and Pitts) spoke with Mr. Keating about the Dead Poet Society. Pleased with the boy’s interest with the Dead Poets Society he says: â€Å"The Dead Poets were dedicated to sucking the marrow out of life. [†¦]You see we d gather at the o ld Indian cave and take turns reading from Thoreau, Whitman, Shelley; the biggies† (Dead Poets Society). Here, Mr. Keating without knowing encouraged the boys to re-establish the Dead Poets Society, leading to the boys sneaking out of their rooms after curfew. An act like this can lead to the boys receiving demerits which can possibly lead to expulsion. Additional support for this argument can be found when Neil tells Todd that he had gotten the lead role in the play. Neil says: NEIL. They need a letter ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on Film Review of Dead Poets Society642 Words   |  3 PagesFilm Review of Dead Poets Society Dead Poets Society explores the conflict between realism and romanticism as these contrasting ideals are presented to the students at an all boys preparatory school. Welton Academy is founded on tradition and excellence and is bent on providing strict structured lessons prescribed by the realist, anti-youth administration. John Keating is a new English teacher with a passion for poetry. When he returns to his own strict childhood schoolRead MoreTragedy(Dead Poets Society)1211 Words   |  5 Pagescommitted suicide. That was the story of Neil Perry, the high achieving yet ill-fated young man in Dead Poets Society. Some may argue that Dead Poets Society is not a tragedy because although the death of any human being is sad, it is not necessarily tragic. Others would say there could be nothing more tragic than the loss of such a promising young man. The question remains: Is Dead Poets Society a tragedy? In Poetics Aristotle writes about several aspects of literature to look at when consideringRead MoreAnalysis Of Dead Poets Society973 Words   |  4 PagesThe movie,The Dead Poets Society, directed by Peter Weir, is about an English teacher at Welton Academy, an all boys boarding school. John Keating’s unorthodox teaching style has had an extraordinary impact on his students. Keating dramatically changes their lives for the worst throughout the course of the movie. John Keating makes the boys more confident about themselves which results in their rebellion. He makes the boys dream of the impossible resulting in one of his students death and teaches themRead MoreLycidas Analysis1492 Words   |  6 Pagesto mourn the accidental death of Milton’s friend Edward King. The theme of the elegy is mournful or sadly reflective. Though lyrical, it is not spontaneous, and is often the result of deliberate poetic art. The elegy is a conscious work of art, and not a spontaneous exp ression of sorrow. The elegiac poet engages himself in discursive reflections. Death, the primary theme of most elegies, is a vast evocative theme. Death can be, and is often, the starting point for the poet to deal with serious themesRead MoreHow the Quotations and Poems Demonstrate the Main Themes or Ideas of the Film Dead Poets Society1610 Words   |  7 PagesHow the Quotations and Poems Demonstrate the Main Themes or Ideas of the Film Dead Poets Society The film, Dead Poets Society, directed by Peter Weir, is set in the 1950’s at Welton Academy in the United States. Welton is a school that is based on honor, discipline, tradition, and excellence. The teachers at this school are extremely strict and academic. The Dead Poets Society has many important themes and messages, which should be considered in one’s daily life. TheRead MoreCatcher in the Rye and Dead Poetry Society Compression Essay640 Words   |  3 PagesCatcher In The Rye and Dead Poets Society Essay Sometimes in literature, two different forms of writing tell two different stories with lots of similarities through characters. The book The Catcher and The Rye by J.D Salinger and the movie The Dead Poets Society directed by Peter Weir is a perfect example of two different literary works that share similarities through characters. The Dead Poet Society follows half a school year of 5 main characters at Welton Academy each with a different connectionRead MoreThe Death Of The Salesman1621 Words   |  7 Pagestheir life. Unfortunately, they had to escape their freedom to end their dream. Characters such as Willy Loman from Death of the salesmen, Neil Perry from Dead Poets Society, and George from Of Mice and Men are characters who are trying to escape to freedom, because they realized what they did in the past was wrong and now trying to improve their tragic flaws. In the novel Death of the Salesman, Willy Loman escaped his freedom by committing suicide to due his financial struggles. â€Å"Willy. I madeRead MoreTaking a Look at the Transcendental Movement1455 Words   |  6 PagesRalph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Emerson and Thoreau were both extremely intellectual men of their time and are now the figureheads of transcendentalism. In the simplest terms, to â€Å"transcend† means to rise above and beyond the norms of society ¾ not physically, but mentally. Transcendentalists, such as Emerson and Thoreau, believed that for one to determine the ultimate reality of God, the universe, and the self, one had to transcend everyday human experiences. Ideas that form the basisRead MoreThe Dead Poets Society By Neil Perry988 Words   |  4 Pages As I watched â€Å"The Dead Poets Society† I noticed that most of the adults, other than Mr.Keating, did not believe any of the young men should be able to think freely. They belie ved that because they were young their input meant nothing, and they did not know what was good for them. Not only was Mr. Keating an independent thinker, but Neil Perry also became an independent thinker after attending a couple of Mr. Keating’s classes and discovering a group his teacher had formed as a schoolboy himselfRead MoreInfluential Factors Of The Audience s Understanding1425 Words   |  6 PagesInfluential Factors of the Audience’s Understanding Dead Poets Society is a 1989 American drama film that tells the story of an English teacher, Mr. Keating, who inspires his students through his teaching of poetry. The film received critical acclaim, and was a box office success. It won the BAFTA Award for Best Film and Cà ©sar Award and David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Film (British Board of Film Classification, 2014). However, people still hold different opinions on it. Viewers have

POS system Free Essays

Helene Hernandez (College Instructor) (College College Instructor) Instructor) General Problem: Mister Boron’s Fast Food is having difficulty in manually dealing with the customers in terms of ordering, payments, generating reports and maintaining their inventory. Specific Problems: 1 . Is the cashier easily and accurately computes the bills especially when dealing with huge number of customers? 2. We will write a custom essay sample on POS system or any similar topic only for you Order Now And how long did employees check their stocks? 3. Does Mister Boron’s Fast Food provides official receipt to customers? 4. Are their sales report accurate? . How do the customers wait for their orders? General Objective To provide a system that will automate the process in dealing with the customers in terms of ordering, payments, generating reports and maintaining their inventory. Specific Objectives 1 . To provide a system that will make the computation of bills faster and more accurate. 2. To provide a system that will allow the customers to have a receipt in every transaction. 3. To provide a system that will maintain the inventory easier and faster. . To provide a database that will store records for generating reports. 5. To provide a queuing management that will help customers. Features 1 . The system will notify if the stocks are insufficient. 2. Easy to use interface for the cashier. 3. The system can be easily updated when there are changes in the price of the meals. 4. The system will provide accurate weekly, monthly, quarterly and yearly reports of sales. 5. Easily update the menu. 6. It show s the time started and time ended of the cashier. 7. Admit, manager, cashier and owner will have their own accounts and privileges 8. A separate monitor will show the queuing of costumers 9. It will provide a receipt with the name of the cashier, time and date of transaction, queue number and Official Receipt (O. R. ) number. 10. The cashier will have a touch screen monitor to easily input orders. 11. Receipts will be given right after the transaction using a POS printer 12. A monitor inside the kitchen will show the queue numbers with the orders of the customers to know which order they will prioritize. How to cite POS system, Papers

Especially works that insults the culture Essay Example For Students

Especially works that insults the culture Essay This artwork show the ideas of freedom of speech. Why is this artwork controversial? Jesus is god, he represents holy,loyalty, faith, trust, but he was put on a cross, he was suffering, but it was because of the people who has a big power which made him been put on a cross because he said things that some people disagrees, and in these days, people who has power are the ones who controls us. In this picture, the power people represents the Governments, politicians, Bosses, etc, all the people who controls us. They are the ones who made all the rules and makes us do what they wanted us to do, we are not allowed to say alot of things, we have to obey them. Urine represents disgust, look down, lower class, ignorance, dirty, waste. The artist put urine on it is because he want to tell those people with power to piss off we want to have what we want, we want to be free. This is how it became controversial, with the complementary of Jesusand urine. The piece caused a scandal when it was exhibited in 1989, with detractors accusing Serrano of blasphemy and others raising this as a major issue of artistic freedom. The art and cultural difference of this artwork is that for the artistic people, because art for them is to create any work out of their imagination, what ever they think of nomatter it offends people or not, they just make it. Nevertheless, for some cultures, like Christians, the artist put urine on the person they believe in the most (Jesus), they would be very offended and insulted by the artists artwork. It is very unethical for artists to make artwork that offend other people, especially works that insults the culture. The intension of making it is just to express themselves, but the consequence of expressing themselves ends up being hated by certain people or culture. The origin of beauty of controversial artwork is the original meaning of the work, the meaning that shows anti- authority. The better the artwork gives a message (nomatter if it is offended to people or not) to the people in soviety, that is called a good piece of art. I chose this topic is mainly because I am an art student, and art is one of my favourite subject. My theme in art is Street art, street art are for artists to communicate to the big society through artworks which has been made on different surfaces around the street, and in street art, controvertial art is a very important technique in it. My personal opinion is that controversial artworks that offends people are still artwork, and is a type of art, I think that it is acceptable to have work like this sometimes, and for the people who feel offended, BAD LUCK, such as life, because we have the freedom of speech.

Charles Manson Aka Jesus Christ Essays - Manson Family,

Charles Manson aka Jesus Christ He has been dubbed "The most dangerous man alive". Charles Manson has been persecuted relentlessly. We call him the devil. He is the reason society is so bad. Does this sound familiar? This sounds like the same accounts towards Jesus Christ by the Roman Empire 2000 years ago. As they have nailed Christ to the cross, we have nailed Charles Manson to the cross. Could it be that Charles Manson and Jesus Christ are the same person? If you know anything about these two, the answer is: Most likely. Let us take a look at these two. Both Jesus Christ and Charles Manson led a cult that still thrives to this very day. Christ's followers are still preaching his words, as do Christ's followers. And each cult are growing as time goes by. Both "Christianity" and "The Manson Family" will be here forever. As old followers die out, new followers will take their place to carry on the words of both Jesus Christ and Charles Manson. If we looked past the usual stereotype against Charles Manson, we can see that the preachings of Manson is identical to that of Jesus Christ. Hasn't Jesus spoke about the power of love? And also, isn't that what Charlie used for his motto Charles Manson has said "In love, you do no wrong." Wouldn't Jesus agree? In fact, would Jesus apply to that? In truth, yes! Now, it's time to unveil the infamy of Charles Manson and Jesus Christ. Yes, both of them are wanted for influencing murder. Charles Manson has led the Tate-LaBianca murders as Jesus Christ led the city of Jericho, town of Salem murders. In both incidents, people were to die for their "sins". Because of this, both Manson and Christ have been the victims of injustice due to the courts and trials. During the trial, Manson was denied the right to defend himself. Instead, we have hung him up onto the cross.

Foreshadowing Quotes Analysis in Rebecca Essays

Foreshadowing Quotes Analysis in Rebecca Essays Foreshadowing Quotes Analysis in Rebecca Paper Foreshadowing Quotes Analysis in Rebecca Paper Essay Topic: Rebecca There were never any complaints when Mrs.. De Winter was alive. Page 8) Instinctively I thought, She is comparing me to Rebecca; and sharp as a sword the shadow came between us. (Page 8) This is the first mention about Rebecca. It is the first quote that introduces that Mrs.. De Winter Is constantly compared to Rebecca. The sword represents a battle and the shadow between them shows a sharp change in mood. I was a person of Importance; I was grown up at last. That girl, who, tortured by shyness, would stand outside the sitting-room door twisting a handkerchief In her ands, while from within came that babble of confused chatter so unnerving to the intrudershe had gone with the wind that afternoon. She was a poor creature, and I thought of her with scorn If I considered her at all. (Chapter 4) This quotes demonstrates the foreshadow placed on the theme of her growing up to become a woman. What gulf of years stretched between him and that other time, what deed of thought and action, what difference In temperament? I did not want to know. I wished I had not come. (Chapter 4) This Is the first quote that shows that Maxim loses his temper badly. This character weakness In character foreshadows how his temper will cause a problem In the future. : He becomes a different man. The word lingered In the air once I had uttered It, dancing before me, and because he received It silently, making no comment, the word magnified Itself Into something heinous and appalling, a forbidden word, unnatural to the tongue. And I could not call It back, It could never be unsaid. Once again I saw the Inscription on the fly-leaf of that book of poems, and the curious slanting R. I felt sick at heart and cold. He would never forgive me, and his would be the end of our friendship. Chapter 5) Foreshadows how Rebecca will be the cause of the end of [their] relationship. The gulf between us had been bridged after all. I was to call him Maxim. (Chapter 5) Gulf Is a body of water. This Is not the first time that It Is mention to describe their relationship. Gulfs are larger bays. The bay Is where Rebecca died, and the gulf between them can be Interpreted as Rebecca being between the relationships. Foreshadowing Quotes Analysis in Rebecca By temper first quote that introduces that Mrs.. De Winter is constantly compared to Rebecca. I was a person of importance; I was grown up at last. That girl, who, tortured by shyness, would stand outside the sitting-room door twisting a handkerchief in her thought of her with scorn if I considered her at all. (Chapter 4) This quotes thought and action, what difference in temperament? I did not want to know. I wished I had not come. (Chapter 4) This is the first quote that shows that Maxim loses his temper badly. This character weakness in character foreshadows how his temper will cause a problem in the future. He becomes a different man. The word lingered in he air once I had uttered it, dancing before me, and because he received it silently, making no comment, the word magnified itself into something heinous and appalling, a forbidden word, unnatural to the tongue. And I could not call it back, it could never be unsaid. Once again I saw the inscription on the fly-leaf of that book of poems, and bridged after all. I was to call him Maxim. (Chapter 5) Gulf is a body of water. This is not the first time that it is mention to describe their relationship. Gulfs are larger bays. The bay is where Rebecca died, and the gulf between them can be interpreted.

Industrialization Process in America and Work of Woman Essay

Industrialization Process in America and Work of Woman - Essay Example o now the woman i left with even le help. o although electric appliance may make houehold job eaier, they are till no le time conuming becaue whatever help a woman had before appliance ha been eliminated.1 econdly, he dicue the functionalit interpretation of the recent hitory of the family. It ay that the beginning of indutrialization caued houehold to become deprived of their eential productive role in the economy (for example, people make clothe in a factory now intead of making them at home to ell later), hence women became deprived of their eential productive function (making dree). One olution for women to gain back a ene of their function in ociety would be for them to eek a new function in the workplace outide of home. Contrary belief, however, feel that a woman hould now intead devote her time to raiing her children and to tenion management (what a lame word, which in eence mean taking care of houehold chore o that the huband and children do not have to uffer the tree of doing it themelve). o intead of redefining a woman' function in ociety to outide of the home, technology ha only moved it to another facet inide of the home. A econd olution would be to create a new ideology i n which women' function are not confined to the home. In thi ituation, a woman would not have to go through thi "role anxiety". Thi, of coure, i a better olution. Cowan goe on to ay that indutrialization wa a participant in the "backward earch for femininity". Becaue ome of women' role in the houehold were being replaced by technology, women were earching for new way of being a woman (which till meant "finding themelve" within the home). Becaue a woman' function wa now directed toward raiing children, couple began having more children, hence the baby boom. Women alo began to return to the "fruitful" and "productive" way of before indutrialization. They began knitting, crocheting, baking and growing vegetable garden.2 ome theorie ugget that appliance are what caued women to go to the workforce outide of the home. They now had free time on their hand ince their job were made eaier. For example, the wahing machine clean clothe much fater than a wahtub did. Cowan diagree with thee theorie, however. A tated earlier, time wa not alway reduced by houehold appliance. Alo, houewive began to enter the labor market outide of the home before modern houehold technologie were widely ued. Thirdly, he claim that houewive who were entering the workforce outide of the home were the one who did not have and could not afford thee amenitie. o technology i not a caue of women entering the workforce outide of home but rather it i a catalyt. It did not free them into the workforce outide of the home but rather allowed them to work and till maintain a decent home. Women, for whatever reaon, wanted or needed employment and aw that amenitie could allow them to work outide of the home without endangering the living tandard of their family. Wive could come home from work tired, and till prepare a decent dinner (thank to frozen dinner) and do a load of laundry o that their children and huband would have clean clothe to wear the next day. Cowan tate that technological ytem which dominate our houehold, and which houehold are built around (thing like water, ga, ewer), were built with the aumption that omebody would be around to

National Regional Approach to Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

National Regional Approach to Innovation - Essay Example It's a very complex thing innovation it doesn't just need an innovative firm to singly do all the work but rather a full innovative firm, and a number of organizations and institutions need to be readily interacting with one another and these should also have many interdependencies to make innovations a success and a complete process. A matrix has been long designed which has been called the innovation matrix in the innovation matrix the key inspiration has been from the traditional manner of the input and output tables but the only different thing is that instead of this matrix making a precise measurement of the flows of intermediate products between countries this matrix makes a It has long been a debate between the theory scholars of innovation that there should be made a systems approach so as to get a better understanding of the dynamics of and that would be more realistic and would provide with more positive ways to make and guide policies than does the linear system of innovation that has long been used. Rosenberg and Kline gave the first initiations towards the systematic approach by putting forth their developed "chain-linked" model this model thus was broadened and deepened and is now what is commonly known as the NIS or the National innovations systems approach. A systematic view is what is presented when the national innovations systems approach is put to use. Various agents, actions and relationships along with interactions with each other on a daily and project based basis are what give rise to innovations. It is a belief of those who follow this system approach that the success of any innovation depends a lot on a long term relationship existing between the various components which would namely be the external organizations and institutions as well and the interaction between innovation organizations. It is also a belief that innovation success would depend on a proper flow of the interaction within the innovation organizations departments, between the colleagues and between the management and the workers, that is also very important. The institutional environment is also believed by the systematic National/ Regional Approach to Innovation 4 National/ Regional Approach to Innovation approach to strongly influence innovative activities and interactions between the innovative agents. REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM

Psycology in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Psycology in Education - Essay Example I remember how one of the science teachers in my elementary school used classical conditioning to develop a positive learning environment. When teachers scold young learners despite the fact that they may be having psychological problems, anxiety shows whenever teacher enters the classroom. By using the effective tool of classical conditioning, as a teacher I will try eliminating the link between my students’ bad past learning experiences and anxiety. For this, I will first assess the general outlook and mood of every young learner for applying myriad psychological techniques later in order to remove the weaknesses I might notice in them. Then, I will subtly pair the stimulus of test with encouraging words so that the anxiety my students might feel upon being asked a question could get replaced with positive conditioned response of confidence. That is how I deem classical conditioning to act as a benefit for me because I think it will help me remove negative stimuli to develop positive behavior. Now, instrumental conditioning is another development theory and the probability of how long this tool could last when applied to education could depend on the severity of reward or punishment. Instrumental conditioning can be used to both strengthen and repress a certain good or bad behavior by way of encouragement or reprimand, respectively. I find it to be relevant in my instructional setting because from my own past learning experience I have learned that teachers can play a huge role in either repressing or strengthening a certain behavior in the classroom. Some of my students might have an annoying habit of talking incessantly in the classroom and showing aggression when reprimanded... This paper approves that authoritarian teaching style proves to be toxic for the diverse learners as challenges are not handled appropriately and objectives fail to be met. That is why I intend to develop a learning activity for my instructional setting that would adhere to the learner-centered approach. I will use the learner-centered instruction strategy of problem-based thinking to serve as the backbone of my learning activity devised for the 9th graders in custody. Problem-based learning challenges the students to work in team so that everyone develops the ability to relate with people and social anxiety could be reduced. A learning activity in which puzzling questions are directed at the learners in the hope that they collaborate with one another energetically to solve different dilemmas would suit my instructional setting the most. This paper makes a conclusion that In response to this type of learning activity, my students will learn to enjoy the benefits of increased cooperation and find answers to certain problems they might come across during the learning process by themselves. There will be heightened curiosity to find answers, increased mental stimulation, and strengthened academic interest to participate. All these features form highly important elements of problem-based learning. Students feel more engaged in the classroom and remain more interested during the lectures when presented with some effective problem-based learning questions which should be preferably puzzling in nature.

Fiscal Policies: Relationships between Housing and Economy

Fiscal Policies: Relationships between Housing and Economy The government uses two types of policies to evaluate economic activity and set interest rates in balance with inflation and deficiencies. It is a governmental orthodox that housing market play a significant role in the structuring the economic stability and causes inflation consequent of low prices. According to an economic research, rise in construction costs and uncertainty in housing investment is the real cause of two-third decrease in house construction cycles since 1970. Fiscal policy is used in evaluation of economic activity, to assess the level of taxation requirement, and establishing what fraction of taxation will be spent on public expenditure. There are two types of fiscal policy: expansionary and deflationary fiscal policy. Under the expansionary fiscal policy, the government aim is to encourage greater spending to boost the economy. Conversely, deflationary fiscal policy aim to assist in the reduction of inflation through decease in the level of economic demand. Fiscal policy is used by government as an instrument to control economics and to support monetary policy. Conversely, fiscal policy aims to preserve the growing of the economy along with the perseverance of low level of unemployment. In the event of excessive debt or deficiency, fiscal policy will face difficulty to operate accurately. Whereas, monetary police is used for assessing the supply of money and interest rates to achieve desired economic policy objectives. If the economy is in recession, the government would aim to boost economic activity, through expansionary monetary policy by reducing interest rates whereby growth of money supply will increase. Adversely, if there is a need for reduction in economic activity, due to fast growth causing inflation, the government will put in operation deflationary monetary policy to increase interest rates and reduce rate of growth in money supply. In broad terms, most of the problems adversely effecting the economy of Britain, over the last fifty years, have been led or influenced by housing market. To particular degree, there has been an unacceptable imbalances in the large demand for housing along with the limited supply of housing, consequent to the fluctuating housing market. In the contrary, the housing market remains strong, as alertness for economic recovery continues to be at the core of alleviation of the housing market, in parallel with the economy. A sudden increase in house prices came to a screaming peak in 19894. Subsequently, the economy halted and the interest rates increased dramatically to 15% to compensate for the rise in inflation and to shield the British currency. Escalation in net savings was triggered by the dramatic stagnation in house prices. In the event of continuous decline in house prices, the economy inevitably faces growth in recession in parallel with the anticipated decrease in lending. Substantially, this will result in a collapse of the economy, giving rise to increased levels of unemployment and economic diminution. Government is proposing new measures to increase the supply of housing, promote flexibility in the housing market, and streamline and simplify the planning regime. The interaction between housing and the economy is pervasive. Fluctuation of house prices, contribute significantly on consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ expenditure. The responsiveness of new housing construction to demand changes is weak. Fall in house prices attract construction then rise in prices; this is the factor which resulted in recent recession in construction. National Income is the total annual income of a state, consisting of employee wages and the profits of companies. Conversely, national income equates to the value of the output of all goods and services during the same period8. In wider terms, national income is valued by gross national product (GNP) which is the amount of a countrys total output subtracted by an allowance for replacement of ageing capital stock. The primary factors effecting the construction industry have been the rise in building materials, profitability of development, interest rates and the economic growth as opposed to land prices which had little effect on the number of new houses being built10. The evidence from a recent research of the house building cycle, have proved that private building activity such as building of offices, warehouses and shops operate relatively different and move in opposite direction to a house building cycles. Hence, this indicates the adverse reflection on new levels of housing caused by other private sector building crowding out house building. Inevitably, depreciation in one sector is inadvertently means withdrawal of supply from the other sector. Furthermore, the impulsiveness of construction costs renders it more competitive for house builders to challenge with other sectors, in parallel lines. The current situation is that overall national economic fluctuations appear to synchronise with the fluctuations in housing investments. Whereas, in early 1970s, the economy stabilised as the fluctuation in national economy did not coincide with the changes in housing investment. Adversely, there are other problems facing house building as we are running out of land suitable for new housing12 (Kelvin Hopkins the UK Parliament). Nevertheless, government is planning to tackle this recession in the economy caused by downturn in house building cycle. In effect, increase in housing investment effectively improves national income. Since the housing market is in the era of recession, the government got its hands full as it faces the reality of decline in national income. National income has faced a large decline as the house prices rise along with interest rates decreasing demand for house building market. According to relevant figures, since 1960, the UK has invested a lower proportion of its national income in housing than any other EU country. On the one hand of the spectrum, the governments goal to set high interest rates as a means of controlling inflation. On the other hand, this is clearly exposing prospective house investors to high interest rates which contributes to making the UK housing market much more volatile, which itself adds a potential volatility to the wider economy. In conclusion, it is the time of volatility for the house building market as the government stretch its legs to establish the exact fiscal and monetary policy for the development and stability of our economy. However, it is the house building cycle, which is paying a high price for the increased interest rates in mortgages, as public demand in the housing market is threaten by increased house prices. In Fact, there is no easy solution for this, expect from anticipation of interest cuts and reduction in cost of construction materials.

Physics of Echolocation :: physics echo echolocation

While visiting the Grand Canyons, you couldn’t honestly tell me that you didn’t scream into the canyon just to hear your echo come back to you. Don’t be ashamed, we all do it. Many kinds of animals actually use their echo to find out where they are in a closed area or to find out if there are any other animals close by. One classic example is the bat. To understand what an echo is, you first have to understand what sound is. In Webster’s Fourth Edition College Dictionary, sound is â€Å"vibrations in air, water, etc. that stimulate the auditory nerves and produce the sensation of hearing.† Vibrations through the air can be thought of as oscillation of molecules. As the molecules oscillate, they pass energy on to surrounding molecules, and those molecules pass energy on to other surrounding molecules. This is how sound travels, and the oscillation of the molecules is often referred to as sound waves. An echo happens when the sound waves reach a surface, bounce off of it and travel in the opposite direction. For optimum echoes, the surface should be perpendicular to the waves, and as frictionless as possible. In places like the Grand Canyons, you can hear many echoes because the sound waves bounce off of surfaces, then others bounce off of other surfaces, and some will bounce back to you, but at different times. In echolocation, bats send out short pulses that have a high frequency. The short pulses that the bats send out have such a high frequency that the average human cannot hear them. The waves that the bats send ripple out from them circularly and will bounce off of anything that is in the bat’s way, and will also go back to the bat in the form of an echo. By instinctively examining the echoes that they receive, the bats will be able to tell the direction that the object is coming or going from, how fast it is going that way and how far away it is from the bat. Some bats can even tell how big the object is that is in their way. If bats didn’t have the use of echolocation, they’d need some other way to stay alive, because echolocation is the bat’s way of life. It is the primary reason that it is able to live in its environment.

Ironic Narrative in A Farewell To Arms by Ernest Hemingway Essay

Within the pages of A Farewell to Arms, modernist work of the 1920s, Hemingway often blurs the lines between the romantic narrative pattern and the ironic one. Critics argue over the specifics of each case: Do his heroes change and grow? Do they stagnate? Do they fail? Are they initiated into some greater consciousness of the world around them? Are Hemingway’s heroes romantic conquistadors or are they ironic failures? How does an understanding of these heroes’ initiations enhance Hemingway’s meaning in the novel? These are the sorts of questions that must be considered in any effort to determine the necessity of an ironic reading of this important Hemingway work. Paradigms Romance and Irony Although tragedy and comedy have typified many movements and periods of literary history, for the purposes of this essay, it is necessary to focus upon the paradigms of romance and irony. These narrative patterns are not as familiar to many readers. Readers may associate romance with a particular genre of literature, whether gothic or harlequin, or recognize salient ironic details within plots, characters, and/or dialogues, but many fail to realize the archetypal patterns that define the literary paradigms of romance and irony and their relationship to one another. Foulke and Smith lay the foundation for this exploration of romantic hero versus ironic anti-hero and romantic quest versus anti-quest, yet this construction can be explored even more fully if one examines the elements of the hero’s journey as (de) constructed by Joseph Campbell in Hero with a Thousand Faces. In this work, Campbell draws from the traditions of Freud and Jung to illustrate how the â€Å"deeds of myth survive into modern times† (Campbell 4). Because themes of initiation and the related hero’s quest are fundamental to the human condition, tying into universal perceptions of birth, growth, and death, the quest theme itself is always a â€Å"shape-shifting yet marvelously consistent story† that fits into the psychologically prescribed â€Å"checkpoints† of a narrative pattern such as romance or irony (Campbell 3). In the realm of romance, young heroes, generally in possession of some power that transcends the ordinary, are called to adventure, initiated into some sort of knowledge or greater understanding of the universe (in other words, he or she receives the booty or treasure, whether physical, psychological, or spiritual), and returns transformed, armed with some sort of greater understanding about the world around him or her significant enough to improve the plight of humankind or at least improve the lot of society (Foulke and Smith 5). On the contrary, the ironic journey is rooted in, well, irony. Perhaps the ironic hero, plagued by a less than ordinary potency, living in a world of chaos and disorder, ventures upon an aimless journey, and either fails to attain the treasure, or perhaps even more significantly, remains unchanged by his or her quest (Foulke and Smith 5). The narrative modes of romance and irony, then, can best be explored by pitting one against the other. Each pattern illustrates or represents a polarized human experience: romance represents the imagined, idealized world of constancy and order, while the ironic mode represents â€Å"the world of frustrated human desires† (Foulke and Smith 8). Because of the universal significance of such patterns, such paradigms are powerful mechanisms for the exploration of the human condition. Ironic Narrative in A Farewell to Arms From the beginning of the novel, readers immediately sense the ambiguity and uncertainty of hero’s role in an unpredictable world. The book opens with an ironic tone depicting a wilting earth in a drenched autumn: â€Å"leaves all fell from the chestnut trees and the branches were bare,† even the vineyards are described as â€Å"thin and bare-branched† (Hemingway 4). And, even more poetically, Hemingway artfully sets up an ironic tone for the novel by cleverly, though morbidly, emphasizing that with â€Å"the winter came permanent rain and with the rain came the cholera†; though, â€Å"in the end† only seven thousand â€Å"died of it in the army† (Hemingway 4). With this opening, a wilting depiction of nature, Hemingway sets his readers up for an ironic interpretation of his novel. It is within the context of such a pervasive unsettling setting, as typical of the ironic mode, that readers encounter Hemingway’s ironic hero: Frederic Henry. Frederic is initially set into a traditional hero’s role: he is a soldier. And, not only is Frederic a soldier, but he is an American volunteer for the Italian army. Within the context of the traditional romanticized soldier hero, it could be suggested that such action as volunteering for someone else’s war is valiant, brave, and even representative of that larger-than-life archetypal hero depicted in narrative romance. However, Hemingway is certain to emphasize Frederic’s naivetà ©, if not foolishness, from the very beginning of this anti-hero’s journey. Although Frederic technically ranks as an officer, he describes his work to Catherine as â€Å"not really [with] the army,† but â€Å"only the ambulance† (Hemingway 18). As an ambulance driver on the Italian front, Frederic’s innocence is encapsulated in his belief that it is impossible for him to be killed at the front; after all, the war â€Å"did not have anything to do† with him (Hemingway 37). Frederic’s innocence is also depicted and reinforced by his obliviousness to the war; he is able to travel comfortably in convoy if in â€Å"the first car† and appreciate the â€Å"clear, fast and shallow† river and the mysterious looming mountains (Hemingway 44-5). Frederic’s ability to appreciate the â€Å"picturesque† Italian front illustrates his inability to realize the significance of both the â€Å"deep pools† of the river â€Å"blue like the sky† and the reality of life and death shuttled within his ambulance (Hemingway 47). This naivetà © is similarly reflected early in the novel by the fact that Frederic clearly and staunchly believes in the traditional virtues of soldiering: good soldiers are ‘†brave and have good discipline'† (Hemingway 48). When these naive character traits are coupled with the dominant impression presented by the fading, rainy fall, and cholera-struck winter, the stage is set early on in A Farewell to Arms for another Hemingway triumph of irony. However, from the beginning of the book, readers are aware that Frederic is becoming increasingly cognizant of the fact that â€Å"It evidently made no difference† whether he â€Å"was there to look after things or not† (Hemingway 16). When Frederic returns to the front after his leave time, he realizes that all is as he â€Å"had left it except that now it was spring† (Hemingway 10); the front had remained static, and neither side had advanced or taken new territory. As typical of the ironic hero, Frederic begins to think that perhaps â€Å"the whole thing† runs better without him anyway (Hemingway 16). From Frederic’s perspective, not even the wounded in the hospital are â€Å"real wounded†; rather, true casualties could only result from the action when the war picks back up again (Hemingway 12). Frederic’s dissatisfaction with the world around him represents his call to adventure. As a foreigner in someone else’s war, Frederic Henry is beginning to sense the calculated nature of war as well as his insignificance in this cataclysmic event. For regardless of the supposed honor of military service, Frederic is beginning to question the dignity of his post; he considers his position as an ambulance driver to be â€Å"not really the army,† the Italian salute, a gesture â€Å"not made for export,† begins to make him uncomfortable, and even the steel helmets soldiers are required to wear seem â€Å"too bloody theatrical† (Hemingway 18, 23, 28-9). And, even life at the front is beginning to grow dull: â€Å"The priest was good but dull. The officers were not good but dull. The King was good but dull.† Only the wine, â€Å"bad,† was â€Å"not dull† (Hemingway 38-9). Frederic is beginning to question his role, and his significanc e, within the context of the war, and within the context of his morality. All around Frederic Henry, soldiers much more connected than he is to the war, such as Italian peasants, workers, and citizens, recognize the horror of the war for what it is: senseless fighting for abstract principles that results in the death of innocent soldiers often blindly fighting for these goals. This reality is exemplified in Frederic’s encounter with a soldier suffering from a hernia at the front. The soldier, of course, wants out, but tells Frederic, the ambulance driver, that officers do not find his condition worthy of excusing him from duty. Henry advises the man with the hernia to â€Å"fall down by the road and get a bump on† his head so that he can legitimize taking the soldier to the hospital (Hemingway 35). However, irony permeates this situation. Henry and his compadres encounter the man with the â€Å"rupture† once again, only this time his head is bleeding as two men lift him; â€Å"They had come back for him after all† (Hemingway 36). This anecdote illustrates the fundamentally ironic nature of war: violence, injury, motivation, unpredictable motives and priorities, the inherent irony in fighting for someone else’s cause. Soldiers in war must struggle to choose to fight for arguably noble causes of an abstract nation, ideological principle, or political goal, look out for one another on the front, or simply prioritize their own survival. Frederic must grapple with why he is risking his life in this war at all. Is there more to fighting in a war than simply existing in a particular place at a particular time? Frederic himself suggests that he merely stumbled into the war: he â€Å"was in Italy†¦and spoke Italian† (Hemingway 22). How moral is it to participate in collective violence without a passionate code of ethics that supports the cause? These are the types of concerns plaguing Hemingway’s ironic hero as he is beckoned towards the threshold of adventure. Conclusion After analyzing the impotent nature of the major character of A Farwell to Arms, it becomes clear that the novel do indeed illustrate the futile struggle of a â€Å"lost generation.† Perhaps the most central question that must be explored in the consideration of whether or not this work are examples of the paradigm of narrative irony hinges upon the endings of the works. Does Frederic transform over the course of his literal and symbolic journey? It is clear that he does not. Frederic has learned that life is only meaningful if one lives it according to his or her own values, but he has also learned the lessons of the great irony: that â€Å"the world breaks everyone†¦It kills the good, and the very gentle, and the very brave impartially† and â€Å"The only thing that one can be sure of in this world is that one will be destroyed† (Hemingway 249; Phelan 54). Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms ends in utter irony. When Frederic finally says goodbye to his beloved Catherine, he remarks that it is like â€Å"saying good-by to a statue.† The novel ends as Frederic walks â€Å"back to the hotel in the rain† (Hemingway 332). Left in a post-World War I experience, Frederic is lost, â€Å"bereft, homeless, and a drift† (Donaldson 15); Frederic Henry has learned the ironic lessons of life, and attempted to establish and live by a moral code dictated by his own creation, only to be defeated by the ultimate truth of existence, that is, that stripped of the traditional props of God, country, and tradition, the modern hero must face the â€Å"harsh and irremediable realities of existence† (Gurko 65). Hemingway’s skillful use of narrative irony in this text represents the most appropriate use of the modernist writer’s palette, for within the â€Å"anti-hero† of Frederic Henry readers find universal symbols for the plight of modern man. Because Hemingway stresses this fundamental futility of the human struggle within the confines of life and death, any interpretations that stress the romantic triumphs of this early Hemingway novel, that is, that this hero attain knowledge that can transform his world within his move from innocence to experience, is countered by the undeniable reality portrayed in this novel and that the book â€Å"end in overwhelming irony† (Smith 33). The ironic mode dominates as Frederic, desperate to add meaning to his life through love and experience, emerge as mere humans â€Å"clutching at a straw† (Smith 34). As Philip Young so eloquently argues in Hemingway: A Reconsideration, the fundamental reality of both the ironic mode, as well as Hemingway’s novel, is that â€Å"In the end, man is trapped† (93). Works Cited Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton: Princeton University, 1968. Donaldson, Scott. Introduction. New Essays on A Farewell to Arms. Ed. Scott Donaldson. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1990. 1-25. Foulke, Robert and Paul Smith. An Anatomy of Literature. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972. Gurko, Leo. Ernest Hemingway and the Pursuit of Heroism. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1968. Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York: Scribner, 1995 Phelan, James. â€Å"Distance, Voice, and Temporal Perspective in Frederic Henry’s Narration: Successes, Problems, and Paradox.† New Essays on A Farewell to Arms. Ed. Scott Donaldson. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1990. 53-74. Smith, Paul. â€Å"The Trying-out of A Farewell to Arms.† New Essays on A Farewell to Arms. Ed. Scott Donaldson. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1990. 27-54.

The Trial of Steven Truscott

The Trial of Steven Truscott Free Online Research Papers The time and place: 1959; Clinton, Ontario, Canada. The crime: the rape and murder of a 12 year old girl. The Suspect: a 14 year old boy, one of the victim’s classmates. The story of Steven Truscott and the crime he was convicted of committing was shocking when it happened nearly 50 years ago, but even as recent of February 2007, this case has been making headlines in Canadian news. This case could have been a contributing factor to the shaping of the Canadian criminal code, specifically the juvenile system and the death penalty. The details of the case must be explored to better understand the impact it made in Canada, and how it has continued to affect the life of Steven Truscott. On the evening of June 9, 1959, 14-year-old Steven Truscott gave one of his classmates, Lynn Harper, 12, a ride near the Air Base in Clinton, Ontario. According to Truscott, after he dropped her off, he rode away, but â€Å"saw as car stop where Harper was standing. She got in the car and the car drove off (McClish).† Two days later, Harper’s body was found in some bushes by the base. She had been raped, and then strangled. Thought to be the last person to see her alive, Truscott immediately became the prime suspect in her murder investigation. By the 12th of June, the day after her body was found; Truscott was arrested and taken into custody. On the 13th, he was charged with her murder (CBC News). No other suspects were ever seriously considered. As far as suspects go, there were a few others that were overlooked. There were several thousand service men living on the airbase, many were young and single. There was one 18 year old man that was questioned by the police. He â€Å"claimed to have seen the girl the night she disappeared around 6:30 pm in the town of Clinton (CBC News).† This statement was inconsistent with the fact that Harper never left the base, but he was also able to recall the fact that she was wearing blue shorts.† He was cleared from suspicion by his girlfriend who said that he was with her for most of the evening. According to police notes, there is no indication that any further investigation was done. Another possible suspect was Sgt. Alexander Kalichuk. He was a convicted sexual predator. He was a â€Å"heavy drinker with a history of sexual offenses (CBC News).† He worked as a supply technician at the Clinton base, where Lynn Harper’s father was the senior supply officer. He transferred to a base in Aylmer, about a one hour drive away, but still made frequent trips back to Clinton. Three weeks before Harper’s body was found, Kalichuk attempted to lure a 10-year old girl to his car, but stopped when her father approached. He was arrested by the OPP and charged. A judge dismissed the charge due to lack of evidence, but the judge did give Kalichuk a warning that he, and the police, knew what he was â€Å"up to.† On the day of Harper’s murder, he was reportedly involved in an incident of indecent exposure just a few miles away from the Clinton base. It is also believed that the car Truscott claimed to have seen Harper get in to may have be longed to Kalichuk. Sgt. Kalichuk â€Å"drank himself to death in 1975 (CBC News).† The police refuse to say whether or not an investigation was ever conducted to link him to Harper’s murder. There were 2 other witnesses that claim to have seen evidence indicating that a car may have been present at the site where Harper’s body was found. George Edens was the man that found Harper’s body. He claimed that â€Å"going up you could see skid marks. Just up to the pavement, it was only maybe three or four feet long (CBC News).† Another man, Bob Lawson, had property near that site. He was suspicious because he had never seen a car parked there in the past. He reported it to the authorities after Harper’s body had been found, but the police already had Truscott in custody. In his statement to The Fifth Estate, Lawson said â€Å"They didn’t take it very serious. He said I think they’ve, I think they’ve already picked somebody up. They didn’t want to hear anything else.† From this statement, it seems to me like the police didn’t care to even consider anyone other than Truscott as the person who committed this crime. Other than Truscott’s statement that he gave Harper a ride that night, there was another piece of evidence that placed Truscott at the scene. There were bicycle tracks similar to that of Steven’s bicycle. According to Bob Lawson, they were experiencing dry weather at the time, so there really was no way the tracks could have been made that month. This did not stop police from drawing the conclusion that Truscott had to be the one that raped and murdered young Harper. During the investigation, many young children had been questing regarding Truscott’s alibi. Police wanted to know how many of them had seen Truscott and Harper together. Among these interviews were: Phillip Burns, a 10 year old boy that was concluded to be at the scene too early, and couldn’t have seen them there; Jocelyn Gaudet, who was supposed to meet Truscott (in the same bush where Harper was found) for a secret date; and Gord Logan, Truscott’s friend who was said to have made up his testimony to protect Truscott’s alibi. These testimonies may have been crucial evidence in convicting Truscott. After all the evidence was gathered, Truscott was taken to trial. Other than the old bicycle track, there was one critical piece of evidence that possibly pointed to Truscott as the killer. From what I would assume, there were probably not as many scientific tools available in 1959 as there is today, but the medical examiner was said to have been able to pinpoint the murder with remarkable precision. Relying mainly on the analysis of Lynn’s stomach contents he placed the time of death precisely in the half-hour window between 7:15 pm and 7:45 pm an astonishing precision even with the forensic tools available today (CBC News). This was a crucial piece of evidence due to the fact that Truscott admitted in a statement that he and Harper were riding on his bicycle at that same time. â€Å"I got on the seat and she mounted the crossbar and we took off. The time? Probably between 7:30 and 7:45. I took her to the highway, turned around and rode slowly back toward the school (McClish).† According to the jury, this must have been enough evidence. On December 8, 1959, a jury found Truscott guilty of the murder, and was sentenced to death. The trial only lasted 15 days. Truscott was the youngest Canadian ever to be sentenced to death. Due to the building controversy of his harsh sentencing, the conservative Prime Minister, John Diefenbaker, commuted Truscott’s sentence to life in prison. After Truscott’s sentencing, there were a lot of citizens that spoke out about the incident. An extremely powerful poem was written by Pierre Berton. It questions the decision for capital punishment of a minor child and why there is a need for it in general. It is on the following page. ? In Goderich town The Sun abates December is coming And everyone waits: In a small, dark room On a small, hard bed Lies a small, pale boy Who is not quite dead. The cell is lonely The cell is cold October is young But the boy is old; Too old to cringe And too old to cry Though young But never too young to die. Its true enough That we cannot brag Of a national anthem Or a national flag And though our Vision Is still in doubt At last weve something to boast about: Weve a national law In the name of the Queen To hang a child Who is just fourteen. The law is clear: It says we must And in this country The law is just Sing heigh! Sing ho! For justice blind Makes no distinction Of any kind; Makes no allowances for sex or years, A judges feelings, a mothers tears; Makes no allowances for age or youth Just eye for eye and tooth for tooth Tooth for tooth and eye for eye: A child does murder A child must die. Dont fret dont worry No need to cry Well only pretend hes going to die; Were going to reprieve him Bye and bye. Were going to reprieve him (We always do), But it wouldnt be fair If we told him, too So well keep the secret As long as we can And hope that hell take it Like a man. And when weve told him Its just pretend And he wont be strung At a nooses end, Well send him away And, like as not Put him in prison And let him rot. The jury said mercy And we agree O, merciful jury: You and me. Oh death can come And death can go Some deaths are sudden And some are slow; In a small cold cell In October mild Death comes each day To a frightened child. So muffle the drums and beat them slow, Mute the strings and play them low, Sing a lament and sing it well, But not for the boy in the cold, dark cell, Not for the parents, trembling-lipped, Not for the judge who followed the script; Save your prayers for the righteous ghouls In that Higher Court who write the rules For judge and jury and hangman too: The Court composed of me and you. In Goderich town The trees turn red The limbs go bare As their leave are bled And the days tick by As the sky turns lead For the small, scared boy On the small, stark bed A fourteen-year-old Who is not quite dead. Could this have been something that caused the Canadian government to review the need for capital punishment? Probably not, but I am sure his voice was heard and that he still made an impact. I believe, in order to better understand the conviction and sentencing of Truscott, one must first have some understanding of the history of the Canadian juvenile justice system, as well as information on the use of capital punishment in Canada. The following information came from the Canada Department of Justice website. Throughout the 1800s, there really was no separate justice system in Canada for juvenile offenders. They were sentenced to prisons and served the same sentences as adults. Small changes were starting to take place at the end of the 19th Century. In some of the provinces, industrial, or remedial, schools were being developed. One of the first major proposals for a separate juvenile system was in 1890 by the Prisoner’s Aid Association of Canada. The following ideas were included in the proposal: The organization supported a program that included special courts for young offenders, limited use of detention for those under 14, qualified staff for reformatories and industrial schools and the use of indefinite sentences. Another attempt for reform came from Ontario in 1891. Although it only applied specifically to Ontario, it did have national impact and heightened awareness for the juvenile reform campaign. The Ontario Commission recommended the following: every city and large town should have one or more industrial school children under 14 should not be publicly arrested and detained children under 14, when it is necessary to hold them, should not be detained in a common jail but in a place entirely away from the police station all children under 14 should be tried in special courts convicted children under 14 should never be incarcerated in a common jail, and should be sent to a reformatory or refuge only as a last resort more use should be made of suspended sentences a probation system should be introduced earned remission for good conduct should be offered a parole system should be adopted, as well as apprenticeship programs and boarding out an association should be formed in every region of the province for the after-care of released juveniles changes in the law should give more power to provincial officials over such things as pardon, parole and the general supervision of delinquent children These kinds of policies would allow for earlier intervention and a chance to keep children away from adult offenders, where they could possibly be exposed to more criminal behavior. Although many acts were passed to keep children in separate prisons from adults, the Juvenile Delinquents Act of 1908 still allowed for children over the age of 14 that were accused of murder or treason to be transferred to ordinary courts. This act set the tone in the Canadian Justice system about the next 75 years. While I don’t believe that Truscott’s trial was the only reason the Department of Justice decided to re-evaluate this Act, I do believe that it had a major impact on their decision. Truscott’s conviction and sentence was decided in 1959. It was just one year later, in 1960, that the Department of Justice assembled a committee to study the details of the Act. The final report, issued in 1965, focused on the need for additional action, including equal application of the Act throughout all of Canada, and better training for judges and court officials in handling juvenile offenders. Quebec was the first province to take action after this report was issued. It took steps to be sure all juvenile offenders had access to lawyers. Many of the standards in the juvenile system were not put in to place until after Truscott was released from prison in 1969, but his case, combined with many other young offenders, paved the road, and caused the Canadian Justice department to examine the way these young people were being punished. The policies began to standardize in the 1980s by enforcing the right to counsel throughout the country, and also allowing the right to appeal a conviction. The minimum age for prosecution was raised to 12 years old. Other changes were made to standardize convictions and sentencing. Detention could not exceed two years, except when the crime would normally be punishable by a life sentence, in which case, the maximum was three years. In the late 1980s, there was an amendment made to increase the penalty for murder. The penalty for first-degree murder was raised to a maximum of 10 years, and second-degree to 7 years. Except for a few other suggestions for special treatment of offenders under the age of 12, these Canada-wide standards have continued to stay in place. Along with the many changes in the juvenile system, Canada has also seen changes in the Criminal Justice system regarding capital punishment. I believe that Truscott’s case may have also had a small influence on the abolition of the death penalty. There were no major changes with capital punishment from 1869 until 1961, just one year after Truscott’s death sentence was commuted. Legislation was passed in 1961 that reclassified murder into capital and non-capital offenses. This allowed for only capital murder to be punishable by death. In 1967 a bill was passed that placed a moratorium on the use of the death penalty, except in cases involving the murder of a police officer, and in 1976, capital punishment was abolished completely by Canadian Parliament. One of the main reasons was due to the possibility of wrongful convictions, including possibly Truscott’s. There was also an uncertainty as to the effectiveness of the death penalty. The death penalty was replaced with life imprisonment. With no eligibility for parole for 25 years in the case of first-degree murder, and 10-25 years for second degree murder. Even though it was almost 20 years after Truscott’s case, I feel that it still may have been one of the considering factors in lifting capital punishment in Canada. Steven Truscott was in prison for 7 years when a journalist, Isabel LeBourdais, published a book that questioned his conviction. Her book, â€Å"The Story of Steven Truscott,† prompted the Canadian supreme court to examine the case a second time. After â€Å"deliberating and reviewing the case, the justices voted 8-1 against giving the young man a new trial (City News).† The one justice that voted for a new trial pointed out many of the original holes that the case had in the first place, stating they should be re-examined, one of which was the time of death. In 1966, years after the trial, the coroner that initially placed time of death between 7:15 and 7:45, corrected himself and said that â€Å"All findings are compatible with death within 2 hours of Lynn’s last meal (CBC News).† This opened up the possibility that someone else could have been with Harper in the same timeframe as Truscott. Despite being denied a new trial, and his life sentence, T ruscott was still released from prison in 1969. He assumed a new identity, married, and had three children. Truscott insisted, as he does still to this day, that he did not commit the crime, and he remained haunted by the fact he was convicted of the crime even as he was given a chance for a new life. Truscott remained in hiding for nearly 20 years. I believe one of the main reasons he came out of hiding was because he was consumed with the need to prove himself innocent. In September 1997, Truscott agreed to DNA testing that would possibly exonerate him, but because of the time space, some of the crucial evidence had been destroyed. A few years later, March of 2000, Truscott breaks his silence once again. He decided to go on the CBC News and proclaim his innocence, vowing to do whatever it would take to clear his name. This is what began his crusade, which would last to the present day. Truscott was paired with the Association in Defence of the Wrongfully Convicted (AIDWYC), and in November 2001, they filed an application for a retrial to the Minister of Justice-the person that decides if a new trial should be ordered. The following January, the minister of Justice ruled that an outside agent also needed to review the request. Justice Fred Kaufman was the man appointed fo r that review. He had been appointed in the past to review wrongful murder conviction cases. It took a little over two years, but in April 2004, Kaufman presented a 700 page report that confirmed â€Å"sufficient new evidence had been found† and â€Å"that the Minister of Justice order the Ontario Court of Appeal to hear the case as if it were an appeal of the original conviction (CBC News).† One of his reasons falls back again to the evidence that probably convicted Truscott in the first place†¦Harper’s time of death. Kaufman stated â€Å"modern science has removed the time of death as a piece of circumstantial evidence favouring Truscott’s guilt (CBC News).† In October, the new Minister of Justice, Irwin Cotler, referred the case to the Ontario Court of Appeal for review. Cotler believed that a new trial was necessary. I have determined that there is a reasonable basis to conclude that a miscarriage of justice occurred in this case†¦we have a legal – and I believe moral – obligation to see if the new evidence would have affected the verdict. A few more years go went by before any more major progress was made in the case. In the meantime, Truscott had his 60th birthday, and was still trying to prove his innocence. In April 2006, two years after Kaufman ordered the appeal, Lynn Harper’s body was exhumed to attempt DNA testing. Because so much time had go by, there was no evidence in her remains salvageable for testing. Finally, in June of 2006, Truscott’s case is heard by the Ontario Court of Appeals. As of January 2007 (yes, that’s this year) the case was still being heard, with three possible outcomes dismiss appeal order a new trial acquittal The appeal ended on Wednesday February 14th, but the decision lies with the five member panel of judges that heard the case. There were arguments of missing and distorted evidence, the fact that most of the eyewitness testimonies were from young children, whose stories changed from their initial statements to the days of the initial trial (City News). One of Truscott’s lawyers, Hersch Wolch, reminded the panel â€Å"behind me sits a 60-year old man who for 80 percent of his life has been branded as a murderer, He can be viewed also as an innocent 14-year old boy sentenced to hang. This court is the only venue for justice now and forever (City News).† This may have been a desperate pull of the heartstrings, but I think he was doing it to stress the fact that this wrong conviction (possibly) has consumed the majority of Truscott’s life, but that it has also affected the lives of Lynn Harper’s family, and the Ontarian public as a whole. As of April, I ha ve not found any word as to the final outcome of Truscott’s crusade to prove his innocence. The end of the article by The City News states â€Å"It could take anywhere from several weeks to several months for the judges to render their decision. I believe this case truly has been an impact in Canadian society. People have been focused on the story of Steven Truscott and Lynn Harper since that day in June of 1959. I believe his case helped spawn the review for a development of a criminal system for Canadian youth. It also may have been one of the factors that lead to the deletion of capital punishment in the Canadian Code. I am going to make a bold statement and say based on the evidence that was originally presented, even with the original time of death proven to be so close to when Truscott said to have left Harper, I would not have been able to make the decision to convict a child of that crime, or sentence him to death. I believe him to be not guilty of the crime he was convicted of, and has spent his entire life trying to prove so. He is still young (as in he probably is not going to die soon), but I still hope that Steven Truscott gets his results back while he still able to enjoy some of his life as an innocent m an. References CBC News: The Fifth Estate. â€Å"The Steven Truscott Story: Moment of Truth.† cbc.ca/fifth/truscott/index.html. City News. â€Å"Steven Truscott Appeal Wraps Up With Lawyers Pleading Convicted Man’s Innocence.† citynews.ca/news/news_7848.aspx. February 14, 2007. Department of Justice Canada. â€Å"The Evolution of the Juvenile Justice System in Canada.† justice.gc.ca/en/ps/inter/juv_jus_min/sec01a.html. McClish, Mark. â€Å"Statement Analysis: Steven Truscott.† statementanalysis.com/truscott. Research Papers on The Trial of Steven TruscottCapital PunishmentThe Fifth HorsemanUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresQuebec and CanadaPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsEffects of Television Violence on Children

The Educational Value of Play as Work and Work as Play The WritePass Journal

The Educational Value of Play as Work and Work as Play Introduction The Educational Value of Play as Work and Work as Play , nicurriculum.org.uk/docs/foundation_stage/learning_through_play_ey.pdf Montessori, M. 1978. The Secret of Childhood. Orient Longman, Hyderabad Schools Kill Creativity, last accessed 8th December 2014, ted.com/talks/ken_robinson_says_schools_kill_creativity/transcript?language=en#t-993000 Whitbread, D. The Importance of Play, last accessed 7th December 2014, importanceofplay.eu/IMG/pdf/dr_david_whitebread_-_the_importance_of_play.pdf

Finance analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance analysis - Essay Example In this study, it was required to compute the Net Present Value of a project for a given company and make a recommendation on whether the project is worthwhile or not. The NPV of a project is the difference between the present values of its cash inflows and its cash outlays. The NPV technique makes use of the discounted cash flow method and discounts the cash flows at the rate of the cost of capital (Smart & Megginson, 2008, p. 261). Additionally, this paper includes designing a capital budgeting model that can be used to evaluated similar projects. Research on Model Design The conventional use of financial models is to evaluate the financial feasibility of a proposed investment. Such models can be utilized to investigate the various investment alternatives that are available, in order to choose the most viable one. Generally financial models are designed to assess a particular capital budgeting project. Capital budgeting choices are supposed to be based on cash flows, instead of acc ounting profits. Additionally it is the incremental cash flows that are applicable. In general, a project is undertaken if the NPV of the incremental cash flows generated from it is found to be positive. However, there may be instances when a Company has multiple projects to choose from but due to budget constraint, the firm’s management might not be able to select all the projects that have a positive NPV. In such cases, the projects having higher values of NPV are opted over those which have inferior NPV values. When the projects are mutually exclusive, the one having the highest NPV is chosen and the others rejected (Gallagher & Andrew, 2007, p. 270). It is known that spreadsheets are suitable and very useful device that are utilized in the assessment of capital projects. The most common methods used in these models are the NPV and the IRR, though other methods like payback period and accounting return are also used. The review of literature revealed that the most popular and publicly available capital budgeting models were the one created for assessing investments in forestry. Some of these models comprise of the FARMTREE model, Agro Forestry Estate model, Australian Farm Forestry Financial Model and the Australian Cabinet Timbers Financial Model (Dayananda et al, 2002, pp. 237-240). These models are designed to evaluate forestry investments and owing to their large scale and exclusive requirement are complicated in nature. On the other hand, the model prepared for the appraisal of the MP3 player project has been built according to its customized requirements and hence best suited. This model is user friendly and even a layman would be comfortable using it for appraising similar projects. The model has been so created, that even if the input variables and the associated relationships are changed, the model would be able to accommodate the changes. Capital Budgeting Model and the explanation of the Outputs For the calculation of the NPV of the new MP 3 player production project that is being considered by the Company, it is crucial to determine the cash flows related to the project. The cash flows can be grouped as follows: Initial capital outflow Operating cash flow during the project’s life (in this case: 5 years) Cash flow during the terminal year of the project The initial capital outflow of the company included the training cost, the retirement package, the working capital requirement and the equipment cost, i.e. $158,701,000. The components of the operating cash flows in the next five years have

Reflection of Liquid Based Cytology Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Reflection of Liquid Based Cytology - Case Study Example The frameworks make the process of reflection easy. There are many frameworks.   Gibbs model is a reflective cycle which is a straightforward and recognized framework for reflection wherein it enables clear description of the situation of the patient, the analysis of feelings, evaluation of the experience, analysis to make sense of the experience, conclusion where other points are considered and reflection upon experience to examine what you would do if situation arose again. Description of the situation involves recollection of the condition of the patient, the signs and symptoms, and the initial evaluation parameters when the patient got admitted. Analysis of feelings involves evaluation of the feelings of the nurse towards the patient and also the feelings of the patient during the course of treatment. Evaluation of experience involves evaluation of the negative and positive actions of the nurse at that particular situation. The analysis involves evaluation of the impact of the actions of oneself on the condition of the patient, whether the actions cause improvement or deterioration of the condition of the patient. 40-year-old Lucy (Name changed due to confidentiality reasons according to NMC code) was referred for cervical cancer screening. Lucy apparently had no health problems. She was the mother of 3 children. She was accompanied by her husband. Lucy was apprehensive and nervous about the procedure.  She had many doubts regarding the test. She asked me whether the test had any side effects, what were the benefits of the test, whether the test was fail-safe and as to what would be the next step in case the results were abnormal.     Ã‚  

Photography in the 19th Century Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Photography in the 19th Century - Term Paper Example This paper will argue that both aesthetics and social documentary were dominant natures of photography during the 19th century. It will first define aesthetics and documentary photography as primary terms for this paper. It will then show examples of photographs created by Fox Talbot and Jacob Riis, where each work would be dissected based on the mentioned natures of 19th century photography. At the turn of the 19th century, photography had developed into one of the most reliable medium to express modern art. Aesthetics became well appreciated because of the developments presented by photography. It explains man’s emotions towards art, beauty, creation and taste. With such emotions, the appreciation for aesthetics follows the study of sensory values (Zangwill, par. 1). Complexity was also intertwined with aesthetics as social change became a prevalent concern amongst photographers; hence the emergence of documentary photography. Documentary photography is a product of a ferven t desire to let images tell a particular story. It implants upon the audience social consciousness which produces acts of persuasion for change (Curtis, 5). Both aesthetics and documentary natures are present within the photographs created by Fox Talbot and Jacob Riis. Fox Talbot was the known inventor of the calotype process – a dominant process of photography during the 19th century. ... The subjects who are in their coats portray the serious atmosphere exhibited by the photograph. Aesthetics can be derived in this picture by looking at the timely and classic form of photography created by Talbot. It is classic in the sense that the subjects of the photograph exhibit the upbringing of the society – male professionals act profoundly and dressed neatly in their suits or coats. Talbot’s piece is timely because, up to the present time where color and new forms of aesthetic techniques are observed in photography, the classic form of the picture is still well venerated and appreciated through its simple and monochromatic look. Complexity is derived from Talbot’s photograph by the implication created and intended by the photographer – a sense of modernity shown through the story contained within the picture. The photograph shows the subjects seriously preoccupied by setting the cameras they need for a photograph shoot. This story is not a definit ion of documentary photography in its sense. It doesn’t encourage the desire for social change or reform. However, it can still be classified as documentary because the picture transmits and shows a story of photography development and evolution. It, somehow, â€Å"documents† the improvements within the world of photography during the 19th century because the picture shows photographers inclined with improved pieces of equipment. Jacob Riis, on the other hand, shows the real nature of what documentary photography is. In his piece entitled Bandit’s Roost created in 1888, the photographer shows the social dilemma of poverty prevalent within the suburbs of the 19th century (see Figure 2). Aesthetic wise, Riis’ work is the same as Talbot’s photograph – it is

Diversity Among Society Essay Example for Free

Diversity Among Society Essay The United States is made up of millions of people that come from different backgrounds, religions and cultures. These differences are what make America the type of place it is today, because without these differences we would be just like every other country in the world. One of the biggest resources that we would have to help find information on Diversity would be the internet and this is mainly because we can find out almost anything that we would need on a certain race or culture. An article from US Life-U. S Department of State had a quote from former U. S.  Secretary of State Colin Powell that states, â€Å"America is a nation of nations, made up of people from every land, of every race and practicing every faith. Our diversity is not a source of weakness; it is a source of strength, it is a source of our success. That quote alone can explain the true meaning behind the diversity in America and why we are the way we are. Through all the information that I acquired during this course, I have come to a better understanding of my racial and ethnical background. I have learned that according to the American Community Survey conducted by the U.  S. Census Bureau there are roughly over 36 million Americans that claimed there American heritage and that great political figures such as John F. Kennedy had an Irish background. I have also learned that it was never easy for Irish settlers years ago, because in the late 1800’s through the early 1900’s Irish immigrants were considered poor trash and were treated as such. It took many years for the Irish to establish a good name in America and over time people would stop hiding their Irish heritage and proudly display out in the open the love of their background. It is very hard to tell what the U. S. will look like in the year 2050, because we are constantly changing and we will continue to do this throughout our time. One thing that I can say is that we will have more humans then we know what to do with, because modern medicine is figuring out new ways to help people live longer and stay healthier. As for the demographics in the U. S. go, I would have to say that all raciest will be about equal in population and the white race will no longer be the dominant race. There will be more diversity in olitics and in the media, because as of right now we have a black president and that is just the beginning of what the future will be like. It’s hard to say if there will ever be any big race wars in America, because in today’s modern world everything seems ok, but no one is ever really sure what lies beneath the surface of individual groups. There could be a great race war that might happen in the future, or everybody will finally start to accept each other and we could live a beautiful existence. The challenge that the United States faces with diversity is that everyone is diverse and the want to be proud and show there true diversity. The main problem with that is that some other cultures don’t agree with them and they might want them to change their ways, or leave. This has always been a big challenge for the United States, because as time goes on we should be comfortable with diversity and accepting it along with ours, but there always will be certain people out there that will never change and they will make sure that they are heard within any means necessary. On the other side there are many great benefits that Untied States could benefit from with being such a diverse place. The fact that there are so many different views and opinions in America of the world around them, they could never truly run out of ideas. So many cultures offer such good things to America and they will continue to keeping adding on to that list. In today’s modern society certain individuals still feel the need for racial security and what that means is that someone might still feel more comfortable around their own kind. For example; a white family starts to pack up out of their home and move away from a changing neighborhood. The family finds a place that is more suitable towards their own security which is an all white suburb. The enroll their kids in an all white school and feel that nothing bad will happen to them. Little do they know is that their son’s new friend from school is a thief and deals drugs throughout the school. As time moves on the family starts to see a change in their child’s behavior, as if he was on some sort of drug, they ignore it, because they are amongst white people are they think that things like that couldn’t happen. Fast forward a little more and the child is grown up and in jail for armed robbery. The parents are clueless and confuse, because they never thought that it would happen in an all white neighborhood. Now the point to that story is that in order to foster a climate for acceptance we need to understand that not every other race is bad or will corrupt their race; in fact if each race got together and helped one another out with this kind of problem they could share their experiences and find a proper solution for the problem. The issue with racial profiling in the media is that the reader does not understand what is going on and assumes that a certain situation is a result of that entire race. A perfect example would be the 9/11 tragedy, because after that the media and the people reading the media pretty much made it seem that the situation was a result of all Muslims, when in fact it was only a handful of people that had hateful opinions towards America. The media may not be all bad and include nothing but racial profiling; in fact the media can also showcase the coming together of different races. The media recognized that we would have a black president and that many different races had voted for him, because they felt that he could do the job right regardless of color or background. If everyone in America could understand the power that we have and this is not because we have missiles or a great army, instead it is because we have so many different cultures that bring many different things to our Nation. We would have the power of America’s spirit on our side and it would be hard to break the spirit and will power of that many different people. I am also one that sadly shown my negativity towards another race at one time and it might of not been violent, because it was only in my head, but it goes to show that almost everyone in some way and another will or have experienced that and the best way to overcome that barrio is to understand, research and understand another cultures meaning to behind what they do and then an alliance with each other could happen and we could one day become brothers and sisters of the world again.

Emotion Equally Moral

Emotion Equally Moral ARE REASON AND EMOTION EQUALLY NECESSARY IN JUSTIFYING MORAL DECISIONS? Since the birth of human onto this earth, reasons and emotions are frequently used by us to justify any decisions made. However, to what extent that both of them play an important role in making decisions? This raises some arguable questions concerning reason and emotion; are they really equally necessary? Equally important means both factors must be present and without any of the factors which are reason and emotion, the decision cannot be justified. With that, I would say that reason and emotion have the same significant important role in justifying moral decision. Both of them work together to drive us in our daily life so the decisions made will be the best for the sake of human being. Thus, this essay will consider the equal role of reason and emotion in justifying moral decisions. First of all, how this two ways of knowing works together. Reason is the ability to think logically regarded as a basis for knowledge, while emotion is a strong feeling towards what you believed in and influencing behaviors. Reason and emotion are equally necessary in ethic as in justifying decisions emotion will be the catalyst for the next process which is reasoning. Rachel Carlson in his quote says, â€Å"If facts are the seeds that later produce knowledge and wisdom, then the emotions and the impressions of the senses are the fertile soil in which the seeds must grow†. As example, the news of natural disaster of Cyclone Sidr in the southern part of Bangladesh because of the global warming effect, the picture of 273,000 houses were destroyed and 650,000 damaged and more than 3,000 people dead will emotionally affect the reader. Then, the emotions will tell us the sympathy to the victims of the disaster. It would stimulate the reason to the morality of the countries that let their factories released the gases that caused the global warming disaster. Here, the emotion is the catalyst for the reason to take place. However, without the reasoning, the information from the news cannot be organized and to sort out the news in the rational way. The emotion make the reader of the news felt sympathy to the victims of the cyclone and the reason makes sense of the emotion part and end up with the moral decisions of the news. As Joseph Cook aptly commented, â€Å"Conscience is our magnetic compass; reason our chart†. Even reason and emotion equally necessary in justifying moral decisions, somehow reason play more important role as it can explain certain things that cannot be explained by emotion. In justifying a decision, it must be reasonable and acceptable. Emotion can distract what is wrong and what is right because it depends solely on what a person sees and feel. Thus, reason must present in the process to justify and correct what emotion think of. As example, if a pregnant women wanted to have an abortion. On the emotion level, she might think that having a baby is a burden for her. She just wants fun from the sex but she refuses the baby. She wants to get rid of the baby so that she does not have to take care of the baby and continue with her previous life. Her immediate response is the option to abort the baby. At that particular time, it may be right for her to abort the baby. But then, the feeling of a mother declines her to do the abortion and the reasoning process began. She started to consider the debate, ‘it is killing, and the baby deserve a live. Perhaps she might consider that it was not the babys fault, so why should the baby take it. Or maybe she poss ibly will consider her religion not allow abortion. So, the reasoning process continues until the women can justify her decision to do the abortion or not. Here we can see both are equally significant. Reasoning comes from the emotion process but the emotion itself cannot justify the decision that going to make. Thus, one cannot take place without the other. However, in this so-called civilization era where the cost of living is increasing, the option to abort the baby will be the most suitable choice for most of the people. Their reasoning brought them to that kind of decision because they claim having a baby will cost them a lot and they cant afford it. Even though they will feel it is a cruel action through their emotion, but it does not prevent the mother to abort that baby. In view of the fact that emotion is a feeling that is given form by a thought, it is usually bounded from the past experience that would influence the emotion that is created. If the past experience of the person is good, the person will have the good side of emotion or otherwise, the experience will end up with the bad emotion toward something. As a case in point, a person witnesses a horrible accident happened in front of his eyes. He can see the victims of the accident screaming for help. Very luckily, the person has some knowledge about the medical knowledge especially in emergency situation. However, because of the past experience where he failed to save a few lives after he gave the medical treatment, the person felt guilty and had the trauma. His emotion tells him not to help the victims as they would die because of him by justifying the action from his past experience. But then, he tries to reason his emotion; does it an appropriate action to let the victims that are really i n need for some help as he was able to help them? Does it worth him just to see them helplessly facing the end of their life? After a battle between his emotion and reason, in the end he might decide to help the victims. Even though in this example it is seen like reason is overpower emotion but actually they are equal. Someone may argue that reason is the cause that makes him to help the person. But in reality if his emotion is not stable enough or he did not have the confidence to help them but his reason push him to help, the probability that the victims would survive is low because he does not has the mental strength or something to inspire him to help them. This is just like what Winston Churchill has said, â€Å"Before you can inspire with emotion, you must be swamped with it yourself. Before you can move their tears, your own must flow. To convince them, you must yourself believe†. After his reason corrects his emotion or change the perception made by his emotion to inspire him, then he was able to help them. By looking at this example, it is clearly seen that reason has been plays the role the change the emotion of the person and the emotion has justified the decision that he going to make. Here, at first emotion stimulate the reason to work and in the later stage reason corrected and stimulates the emotion. Both of the factors play such equal role in justifying the decision as one might get it wrong without another one or perhaps the decision cannot be justified. There are some limitations where sometimes reason and emotion do not equal in making an ethical issue. This is frequently happen in the religious belief, field of works, and the level of knowledge of the person. In the religion such as Islam and Christian, bigamy (polygamy, adultery) is prohibited in those religions. Although a person wants to have more wives or having a little experience of sex before marriage which comes from his emotion, he cannot do that because of his religion. His reasoning will prevent him to do it as it is against the belief of him to his religion. In the field of work such as judge, emotion must be put aside to justify the verdict that going to make. A judge must only depends to the reason from the facts either the accused person is guilty or not. This is the situation where reason and emotion do not play equally necessary in justifying moral decisions. In conclusions, reason and emotion equally necessary in justifying moral decision, because emotion can change according to situation but reason will justify the emotion with logic and hence will drive us to the correct interpretation of the ethical issue. But, reason can only exist and be significant if and only if emotion exists. Emotion will be the catalyst for reason to work. In most of our life, we cannot deny the role of emotion and reason. However, other ways of knowing such as perception and language also can be important in justifying moral decisions but reason and emotion exist in the equal way to justify any moral decision that we make in our life. Therefore, reason and emotion are equally necessary in justifying moral decisions.